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The Mushika Kingdom (Mushaka Rajya, also called Ezhimalai Rajya, Puzhinadu, Kolathunadu, Chirakkal Rajya among the more common names) was an ancient kingdom of the Tamil Sangam period in present day Kerala, India, ruled by a royal dynasty of the same name. Its dominions, for most of its recorded history, covered the present-day regions of Northern Kerala, Tulunadu and Coorg, between the western slopes of the Western Ghats in the East and the Arabian Sea in the West.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&pg=PA29〕 It was one of the five primary ruling dynasties in the ancient Tamilakam of recorded history, and in the Tamil Sangam Period, along with the Cheras, the Pandyas, the Cholas and the Ays. Ezhimalai Nannan was the most powerful ruler of Ezhimalai. He expanded the kingdom to include Gudalur and Coimbatore in his lifetime. With the death of Nannan towards the close of the 5th century C.E, in a battle with the Cheras, the kingdom was absorbed by the Chera kingdom, though they had several periods of independence alternating with those of being vassals or tributaries of the Cheras, as well as of the Pandyas. Most mainstream scholars agree that the erstwhile Kolathiri Dynasty (who had their last capital at Chirakkal, Kannur) are descendants of Nannan and the Mushika Royal Family, which the Family itself believed, and a fact that has been upheld by the various Tamil, Sanskrit, and Malayalam texts surviving to this day.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ Pg 181〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6uBjAAAAMAAJ Pg 92〕 == Origins == Like with the other ruling dynasties of recorded history's ancient Tamilakam, namely the Cheras and Pandyas and Cholas and the Ay Dynasty, pre-ancient Dravidian legends trace the origin of the Mushika Royal Family to the legendary Kumari kandam of prehistoric times. Keralolpathi mentions this Dynasty as a direct line of the Cheras and having descended from Cheraman Perumal.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ Pg 218〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ Pg 626〕 According to other legends, Parasurama is said to have appointed Ramaghata Mushika the first king of Mushika Dynasty, and therefore christened the Dynasty itself as Royalty.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SXFuAAAAMAAJ〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FltwAAAAMAAJ Pg 120〕 More conventionally though, their origins, again like those of the other ancient South Indian dynasties, are rather obscure, and several possibilities exist. The most plausible theory is that they, early on, started as a separate branch of the imperial Cheras/Pandyas/Cholas, originating in the Thiruvananthapuram area, before establishing themselves as a separate kingdom, which was sometimes a feudatory, and at other times with a reasonable degree of autonomy or independence.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2O07AQAAIAAJ Pg 188〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HgRuAAAAMAAJ Pg 142〕 The Mushika royals may also have been the only one, if not one of the twelve Velir families, of the Tamil Sangam era.〔 Over the millennia, they frequently intermarried with the Cheras, the Pandyas, the Cholas, the Ays and the Sinhala Royalty of Sri Lanka.〔 It is possible that they also gave rise to the royalties of the Lakshadweep and the Maldives. They have also had matrimonial alliances and relationships with the rulers of Magadha, the Chedis, the Yadavas and the Somavasmi Dynasty (of the Orissa region).〔()〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Traces of the Mahabharat in Sangam Literature )〕 The Arakkal and the Nileshwaram Royal Families are both branches of this Royal Family, having branched out from them, over the centuries. Among all the Royal Families living today, the Travancore royal family (Thiruvithamkoor) is closely related to the Mushika (Kolathiri) Royal Family, the two being considered close sister dynasties.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=obe1AAAAIAAJ Pg4〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YUkyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA225〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Si5uAAAAMAAJ Pg 146〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FltwAAAAMAAJ Pg 147〕 In fact, both the Mushika and the Thiruvithamkoor Families have been known by the same name(s) of Kolathiri/Kupaka/Kolaswarupam etc and even as Mushika itself, across their recorded history.〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT222#v=onepage&q&f=false〕〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT223#v=onepage&q&f=false〕 This also suggests that the Mushika Family might have had the same ancestry as the Thiruvithamkoor Family originating from the Thiruvananthapuram region. Also worth noting is the tradition of mutual adoption of children between the two families. Thiruvithamkoor adopted princesses and princes more often from Mushika than the other way round.〔〔https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ Pg 225〕 The best known king in the recorded history of this dynasty and kingdom was Udayan Venmon Nannan also known as Nannan or Nandan.〔〔 Documented records of the rule of 118 kings up until Srikanta at the start of the 11th Century CE have been compiled in the Sanskrit text known as ''Mushikavamsa'', actually a poem composed by the poet and historian Atula, who was one of Srikanta's courtiers. The territories they ruled over were known as Kolathunadu or Kolathirinadu. The Kovilakam (meaning Palace in the local Malayalam language) of the Kolathiris was located in Chirakkal where it still stands. The Mushika Royals were responsible for building many of the existing ancient temples of Northern Kerala and adjoining areas, besides forts like those at Bekal Fort, and major ports like those at Valapattam.〔() 〕 The Arakkal and Nileshwaram Royal Families are both branches of the Kolathiri or Chirakkal Royal Family. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mushika Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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